A communication satellite function as an overhead wireless repeater station that provides a microwave communication link between two geographically remote sites. Due to its high altitude, satellite transmissions can cover a wide area over the surface of the earth. Each satellite is equipped with various “transponders” consisting of a transceiver and an antenna tuned to [...]

The mobile and wireless communication technologies could play a significant role for the provision of value added services related to the cultural heritage and the fruition of tourist related navigation services. In reality wireless communications may be exploited through the provision of Location Based Services and complement the sattelite positioning systems for delivering innovative applications [...]

Navigation Requirements
• Reliable Positioning System with Quality of Service
• Positioning Service with Integrity information about the displayed Position
• High coverage in Urban Environments
• Good Accuracy for both Horizontal and Vertical Positions
• “Wearable” GNSS receiver
• Connectable GNSS Receiver to other on person equipment
The following table summarises the main User Needs for the different Sector and Market segments. The most important parameters are [...]

 This new model uses objects to represent and organize spatial features.
 The geometry (spatial data) of a feature is stored as an attribute along with other attributes in a record.
 Objects can have properties and methods to capture characteristics of real-world objects.
 Object-based data model treats spatial data as objects.
 An object can represent any spatial feature: a road, [...]

Introduction
When you hear the term “cursor” what comes to mind? The symbol on a screen that shows where the next input activity will take place is the normal reaction. However, in ArcObjects, a cursor refers to a subset of records that is obtained by applying an attribute and/or spatial query on a feature [...]

• Is the center of GIS, most every processing in GIS we performed is a Geoprocesing.
• Definition (a GIS operation that takes one or more input datasets, performs one or more operations, returns one or more output layers (results))
o Four ways: dialog tool box, command line, model, script
o Model is a workflow chart that can execute multiple processes as [...]

• Difference between 3D and 2D data
• 3D analyst include ArcScene and ArcGlobe, which used for visualizing 3D data, creating and analyzing 2D and 3D surfaces
• Type of 3D data
o 3D-surface (raster and TIN)
o 3D-feature (shapefile and geodatabase feature class), has a field of PointZ, PolygonZ, PolylineZ in the attribute table.
o Create TIN from vector data (point, lines, polygons)
o Mass points are [...]

• What is the geostatistical analysis?
• Explore data (why? methods: histogram, voronoi map, normal QQplot, general QQPlot, trend analysis, semivariogram/covariance cloud, crosscovariance cloud)
• Methods of interpolation (global and local, deterministic and geostatisctical, exact and inexact, nodirectional and ansotropy)
1. IDW (characteristics)
2. Global polynomial
3. Local polynomial
4. Radial Basis Functions (or spline)
5. Kridging (assumption, assessment of prediction errors)
 Ordinary, universal, simple, indicator, cokridging
• Output maps (prediction map, standard [...]

Vector analysis
• Two sets of vector analysis tools in ArcToolBox
o For shapefile, feature class, table
o For coverage
• Extract (clip, select, split), Overlay (erase, identify, intersect, union, update), Proximity (buffer, near, point distance, thiessen polygon)
Raster analysis
• Spatial Analyst Tools (includes groundwater and hydrology tools) and Spatial Analyst extension
• Mapping distance (straight line, allocation function, cost weighted distance, shortest path), mapping density, surface [...]

• What is GIS?
• 3 components (computer system, spatially referenced data, people)
• Spatially reference data or geographic data (geospatial data, attribute data, metadata)
• Geospatial data:
o Characteristics of spatial data (mappable, discrete or continuous, spatial relationships)
o GIS is a simplified view of the real world (discrete or continuous), problems still exist (dynamic and static, identification of discrete or continuous features, scale, fuzzy)
o [...]